![]() ![]() ![]() Unlike other coronaviruses, SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 encode an additional spike protein that has similarities with acetyl esterase and hemagglutination. The envelope, spike protein (S protein), nucleocapsid, and membrane proteins are the structural proteins. The SARS-CoV-2 genome (30 kb) consists of regions that encode structural, nonstructural, and accessory proteins. Methods such as the development of vaccines and novel therapies have been adopted to control COVID-19. The continuous spread of SARS-CoV-2 and the emergence of novel, more contagious strains have exposed more people to this deadly pathogen. Case fatality ratios of 10%, 35%, and 5% have been reported for SARS-CoV, MERS, and SARS-CoV-2, respectively. These coronaviruses are particularly dangerous because they transmit from animals to humans and from humans to humans. ![]() The decedents of β-CoVs poses a serious threat to human safety and also highlights the vulnerability of existing medical systems to outbreaks from them. Mammals (α and β) and birds (γ and δ) are hosts of CoV, with β-CoVs responsible for the 2003, 2012, and 2019 epidemics. Within the subfamily, Orthocoronavirinae of the family Coronaviridae forms four different genera (α, β, γ, δ), which accommodate many types of coronaviruses (CoV). Symptoms such as coughing, fever, shortness of breath, myalgia, and dyspnea are associated with COVID-19 patients, although some asymptomatic cases have also surfaced, , ]. The latest updates, as of April 12, 2021, reported 136 million infected persons and 2,930,000 deaths. It has also placed a substantial economic burden on the global population due to lack of job availability as a result of social distancing. As such, SARS-CoV-2 has not only jeopardized prevailing health systems but also human safety. The pathogen and the disease it causes have devastated the world's health systems and profoundly affected many countries' economies. Due to this prolific spread, a pandemic was declared by the World Health Organization. A novel SARS-CoV-2 was reported as the etiological agent of COVID-19 in December 2019 and transmitted around the world with unprecedented speed. ![]()
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